After extending a disk or RAID set the NTFS file system needs to be extended to use the available space. Typically the way to extend an NTFS file system with DISKPART is:

DISKPART> list volume
DISKPART> select volume 2
DISKPART> extend

The issue occurs when the volume cannot be seen, and the error is reported (D: below):

DISKPART> list volume

  Volume ###  Ltr  Label        Fs     Type        Size     Status     Info
  ----------  ---  -----------  -----  ----------  -------  ---------  --------
  Volume 0     E                       CD-ROM          0 B  Healthy
  Volume 1     C                NTFS   Partition     12 GB  Healthy    System

The disk management services could not complete the operation.

Disk Management in Computer Management can see the volume, and the additional space without issue.

Ensure SYSTEM and Administrators have Full Control permissions to the root of the volume to resolve the issue.

Workaround: Select the disk and partition instead:

DISKPART> list disk

  Disk ###  Status      Size     Free     Dyn  Gpt
  --------  ----------  -------  -------  ---  ---
  Disk 0    Online        12 GB      0 B
  Disk 1    Online       256 GB  6142 MB

DISKPART> select disk 1

Disk 1 is now the selected disk.

DISKPART> list partition

  Partition ###  Type              Size     Offset
  -------------  ----------------  -------  -------
  Partition 1    Primary            250 GB    32 KB

DISKPART> select partition 1

Partition 1 is now the selected partition.

DISKPART> extend

DiskPart successfully extended the volume.

After extending the partition the error will persist unless correct permissions are granted.